Principles of Utilitarianism

Descriptive Analysis The main principle of utility consists in achieving pleasure from life and avoiding pain and suffering. Pain and pleasure are the only instruments that allow a people to define what they should do, as well as govern their actions.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Principles of Utilitarianism specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More These two principles serve as the measurement of right and wrong, as well as the identifiers of cause-and-effect chain (Bentham 457). At this point, the utilitarian theory is also associated with the tools that can provide individuals and community with happiness through recognition of felicity as the foundation of all human actions. The main purpose of utilitarian theory also lies in either increasing or reducing the happiness of an individual at issue. In the majority of cases, the theory acknowledges the community’s interest as the major purpose. Pleasu re can be presented to greater or lesser degree in terms of its intensity, duration, remoteness, and happiness. According to Mill, â€Å"actions are right in proportion as they tend to promote happiness, wrong they tend to produce the reverse of happiness† (461). The theorist identifies happiness with pleasure and freedom from pain. Pleasures can originate from broader contexts in terms of both quality and quantity. Additionally, it is suggested that utilitarianism correlates with the natural sense deriving from people’s social nature. Consequently, in case society embraces the principles of utility from an ethical perspective, people can internalize these rules as a foundation for morale. The only thing that people desire is happiness and, therefore, it should build the basis of morale and ethics. All objects and processes in which people are involved serve as means for achieving happiness and pleasure. Finally, utility also focuses on sense of justice that endows peo ple with the right to happiness. To attain happiness and pleasure, a human should cultivate only noble character traits that will contribute to his/her intellectual and cultural growth. The theorists insist that utilitarianism imposes sanctions similar to other moral systems. The sanctions can imply both internal and external dimensions. External sanctions are availably to the human agent from beyond, such as the divine pleasure, or the society’s approval or disapproval. Internal sanctions are composed of feelings creating discomfort when human’s actions oppose the internal duty.Advertising Looking for critical writing on philosophy? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More At this point, both sanctions control the development of right standards for achieving pleasure and happiness. Finally, it is also argued that the morality and ethics of actions should be justified as soon as they are directed at achieving happiness. H owever, to prove that happiness is morally justified, it is necessary to demonstrate that individuals never strive to achieve anything except for happiness. Additionally, people indeed desire such things as virtue that is closely associated with happiness. Assessment The articles expand on the discussion and evaluation of pleasure and happiness. Specifically, the theorists argue that happiness premises on higher faculties and, therefore, should be highly appraised. The meaning of happiness should be expanded to various forms of pleasure. In this respect, a possible objection to the principle of utility arises in terms of the major components of happiness. Utilitarianism also insists that happiness is composed of many experiences and virtues that people appraise. From an individual perspective, the main controversy concerns the idea that human desire constitutes the only motivation for actions. Nevertheless, the rightfulness of action is often measured by subjective evaluation of an individual and the surrounding people. However, such a perspective contradicts the theory of justice that refers directly to the discussion of rights. According to the principle of utility, the right implies that a person has a reason for the community to protect him/her against violations. The centre of debates relies on the criticism of considering the concept of right and justice in the context of utilitarianism. Nevertheless, the rights should be an integral component of utility because violating the rights of other individuals in the community will not contribute to its happiness. From a social perspective, justice constitutes the basis of utilize because the sense of justice is rooted in human’s actions. A person desire to punish another person for the harmful action he/she committed. Such a decisions stems from the feeling of self-defense, which is also considered as a moral one because lack of protection does not imply happiness and freedom from pain. Despite the fact that human rights are conceptualized in the principle of utility, there is a big controversy on this issue. Specifically, the rights are not grounded in human nature; rather, they are premised on utility because they are important for sustaining human culture and well-being. At this point, rights are crucial for achieving the greatest happiness, and people must introduce laws and restrictions that can make people observe these rights. In this respect, the proposed readings provide a profound account and analysis of the main aspects of utilitarianism, as well as how it describes human actions. Additionally, pursuing happiness as the major purpose of human existence is also justified in terms of ethics and morale because they are needed to respect other people’s rights to happiness and pleasure.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Principles of Utilitarianism specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Works C ited Bentham, Jeremy. â€Å"Principle of Utility†. Introduction to Philosophy: Classical and Contemporary Readings. Eds. John Perry and Michael Bratman. UK: Oxford University Press. 1998. 457-460. Print. Mill, John Stuart. â€Å"Utilitarianism†. Introduction to Philosophy: Classical and Contemporary Readings. Eds. John Perry and Michael Bratman. UK: Oxford University Press. 1998. 460-467. Print. This critical writing on Principles of Utilitarianism was written and submitted by user Skyler Miles to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Guil Naquitz (Mexico) - Key Evidence of Maize Domestication History

Guil Naquitz (Mexico) - Key Evidence of Maize Domestication History Guil Naquitz is one of the most important archaeological sites in the Americas, recognized for its breakthrough discoveries in understanding plant domestication. The site was excavated in the 1970s by KV Flannery, using then-new methods of environmental and ecological sampling, and the results of those sampling techniques and other excavations that followed rewrote what archaeologists had previously understood of the timing of plant domestication. Guil Naquitz is a small cave  occupied at least six times between 8000 and 6500 BC, by hunters and gatherers, probably during the fall (October to December) of the year. The cave is in the Tehuacn valley of the state of Oaxaca, Mexico, about 5 kilometers (3 miles) northwest of the town of Mitla. The mouth of the cave opens near the base of a large ignimbrite cliff rising ~300 meters (~1000 feet) above the valley floor. Chronology and Stratigraphy Five natural strata (A-E) were identified in the cave deposits, which extended to a maximum depth of 140 centimeters (55 inches). Unfortunately, only the top strata (A) can be conclusively dated, based on radiocarbon dates from its living floors and pottery which matches Monte Alban IIIB-IV, ca. 700 AD. The dates of the other strata within the cave are to an extent contradictory: but AMS radiocarbon dates on the plant parts discovered within layers B, C, and D have returned dates to nearly 10,000 years ago, well within the Archaic period and, for the time it was discovered, mind-blowingly early. Considerable and heated debate occurred in the 1970s, particularly about the radiocarbon dates from Guila Naquitzs teosinte (precursor to maize) cob fragments, concerns which largely dissipated after similarly old dates for maize were recovered from the San Marcos and Coxcatlan caves in Oaxaca and Puebla, and the Xihuatoxtla site in Guerrero. Macro and Micro Plant Evidence A wide range of plant food was recovered within the cave deposits of Guil Naquitz, including acorns, pinyon, cactus fruits, hackberries, mesquite pods, and most importantly, the wild forms of bottle gourd, squash and beans. Other plants attested at Guila Naquitz chili peppers, amaranth, chenopodium, and agave. This evidence includes plant partspeduncles, seeds, fruits, and rind fragments, but also pollen and phytoliths. Three cobs with plant elements of both  teosinte (the wild progenitor of  maize)  and maize, were found within the deposits and direct-dated by AMS radiocarbon dating to about 5400 years old; they show some signs of domestication. Squash rinds were also radiocarbon dated: they returned dates of approximately 10,000 years ago. Sources This article is a part of the About.com guide to the American Archaic, and the Dictionary of Archaeology. Benz BF. 2001. Archaeological evidence of teosinte domestication from Guil Naquitz, Oaxaca. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 98(4):2105-2106. Crawford GW. 2015. Food Production, Origins of. In: Wright JD, editor. International Encyclopedia of the Social Behavioral Sciences (Second Edition). Oxford: Elsevier. p 300-306. Flannery KV. 1986. Guila Naquitz: Archaic Foraging and Early Agriculture in Oaxaca, Mexico. New York: Academic Press. Marcus J, and Flannery KV. 2004. The coevolution of ritual and society: New 14C dates from ancient Mexico. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 101(52):18257–18261. Piperno DR. 2003. A few kernels short of a cob: on the Staller and Thompson late entry scenario for the introduction of maize into northern South America. Journal of Archaeological Science 30(7):831-836. Schoenwetter J. 1974. Pollen Records of Guila Naquitz Cave. American Antiquity 39(2):292-303. Smith BD. 1997. The Initial Domestication of Cucurbita pepo in the Americas 10,000 Years Ago. Science 276(5314):932-934. Warinner C, Garcia NR, and Tuross N. 2013. Maize, beans and the floral isotopic diversity of highland Oaxaca, Mexico. Journal of Archaeological Science 40(2):868-873.

Gypsy Moth (Lymantria dispar)

Gypsy Moth (Lymantria dispar) The World Conservation Union ranks the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar, on its list of 100 of the Worlds Most Invasive Alien Species. If you live in the northeastern U.S., you will heartily agree with that characterization of this tussock moth. Accidentally introduced to the U.S. in the late 1860s, the gypsy moth now consumes a million acres of forest each year, on average. A little knowledge about this insect goes a long way toward containing its spread. Description Gypsy moth adults, with somewhat drab coloring, may escape notice unless they are present in large numbers. Males are capable of flight and fly from tree to tree looking for mates among the flightless females. Sex pheremones guide the males, who use large, plumous antennae to sense the chemical scent of females. Males are light brown with wavy markings on their wings; females are white with similar wavy markings. Egg masses appear buff colored and are laid on the bark of trees or other surfaces where the adults have pupated. Since the female cannot fly, she lays her eggs close to the spot where she emerged from her pupal case. The female covers the egg mass with hairs from her body to insulate it from the winter cold. Egg masses laid on firewood or vehicles add to the difficulty of containing the invasive gypsy moth. Caterpillars emerge from their egg cases in spring, just as tree leaves are opening. The gypsy moth caterpillar, like other tussock moths, is covered in long hairs giving it a fuzzy appearance. Its body is gray, but the key to identifying a caterpillar as a gypsy moth lies in the dots along its back. A late stage caterpillar develops pairs of blue and red dots - usually 5 pairs of blue dots in the front, followed by 6 pairs of red dots. Newly emerged larvae crawl to the ends of branches and hang from silk threads, letting the wind carry them to other trees. Most travel up to 150 feet on the breeze, but some can go as far as a mile, making control of gypsy moth populations a challenge. Early stage caterpillars feed near the tops of trees during the night. When the sun comes up, the caterpillars will descend and find shelter under leaves and branches. Later stage caterpillars will feed on lower branches, and may be observed crawling to new trees as defoliation spreads. Classification Kingdom - AnimaliaPhylum - ArthropodaClass - InsectaOrder - LepidopteraFamily - LymantriidaeGenus - LymantriaSpecies - dispar Diet Gypsy moth caterpillars feed on a huge number of host tree species, making them a serious threat to our forests. Their preferred foods are the leaves of oaks and aspens. Adult gypsy moths do not feed. Life Cycle The gypsy moth undergoes complete metamorphosis in four stages - egg, larva, pupa, and adult. Egg - Eggs are laid in masses in late summer and early fall. Gypsy moths overwinter in the egg cases.Larva - Larvae develop within their egg cases in the fall, but remain inside in a state of diapause until spring when food is available. The larvae go through 5-6 instars and feed for 6-8 weeks.Pupa - Pupation typically occurs within the crevices of bark, but pupal cases may also be found on cars, houses, and other manmade structures.Adult - Adults emerge in two weeks. After mating and laying eggs, the adults die. Special Adaptations and Defenses Hairy tussock moth caterpillars, including the gypsy moth, can irritate the skin when handled. The caterpillars can spin a silk thread, which helps them disperse from tree to tree on the wind. Habitat Hardwood forests in temperate climates. Range The gypsy moth has been spotted in nearly every state in the U.S., though populations are heaviest in the northeast and Great Lakes region. The native range of Lymantri dispar is Europe, Asia, and North Africa. Other Common Names: European Gypsy Moth, Asian Gypsy Moth (Note: the Asian Gypsy Moth is actually a strain of Lymantria dispar native to Russia.) Sources Gypsy Moth in North America, US Department of AgricultureGarden Insects of North America, by Whitney Cranshaw

Social Responsibility Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Social Responsibility - Research Paper Example 1.1. History of coca-cola The Coca-Cola Company was founded in the year of1886 with an objective to provide fresh and delicious drinks to the people. It was introduced by Dr. John Styth Pemberton. The prime objective of the organization was to offer extremely refreshing drink to enhance the level of happiness and enjoyment. It also desired to generate a value of difference among the target market among other rival players. This helped the organization to achieve a substantial market share in a very short period of time. It also helped to enhance annual revenue to a significant extent. 2. Characteristics of CSR model Figure 1: CSR Model of Coca-Cola (Source: The Coca-Cola Company, 2013) From the above figure, it might be depicted that CSR, is a procedure to improve both internal as well as external environment, in which an organization operates. It is the moral duty of the organization to present its operations in an ethical way so that no harm is caused to the environment (Figure 2). Apart from this, CSR model also includes: People- it tries to offer ethical treatment to the employees engaged in the organization so as to enhance their level of morality and dedication towards work. Partners- through proper CSR, Coca Cola also tries to establish new channel partners for the organization. This might help the organization to expand its level of business along with market share as well. Portfolio- it tries to offer highest quality of beverages to the customers so that they might attain stimulant and happiness. Profit- by conducting effective CSR initiatives, the company can enhance its brand value and goodwill among its key stakeholders like customers, shareholders, suppliers, distribution partners etc. This will act as positive catalyst to generate more tangible return in terms of revenue. 3. CSR Initiatives The prime CSR initiatives of Coca Cola, is to offer high concentration over environmental responsibility. It mainly focuses on water, energy, packaging and rec ycling activities, health, economic responsibilities and communities. Water- the prime responsibilities of all of us is to conserve and store water so as to reduce wastage of water. It might be done by focusing on the rainwater harvesting projects so as to save huge quantity of water. Moreover, Coca Cola also initiated the establishment of varied rain water projects so as to save water. The organization of Coca-Cola also implemented a waste water treatment machinery to reduce wastage of ground-level water. Energy-it also reduces the consumption of energy to a certain extent. Along with this, it also helps in reducing the emission of hydro-fluorocarbons to a considerable extent. It is extremely essential for the organization. Packing and recycling- recycling is enabled in packaging of the bottles of the Coca-cola. Due to which, the PET recycling project is also developed so as to maintain it. Side by side, it also implemented numerous innovative sorts of machineries within the plants to improve the bottling activity. Health- the organization also desires to offer free health check-ups as well as education facilities to the individual of rural communities to as to increase their knowledge and awareness level. It also helps in establishing polio clinics so as to reduce the curse from the society. Along with this,

Nutrition Facts Label Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Nutrition Facts Label - Coursework Example The rise of science and food technology have forced many multinational companies in most States in the U.S. to take advantage of American people as well as worldwide at large hence providing subsidized food substances in regards to profit maximization as an aspect of business. Many grocery stores provides processed food that has additives such as corns which has ingredients like cellulose, saccharin, polydextrose, and xanthan that are known to be harmful and a threat to the health of human beings. According to the movie, one of the scientist suggested that many of the processed food has either corns or soybean ingredients which helps many of the processed food staffs to stay long in grocery stores. In the regulations of food, security by international bodies suggests that, these multinational companies as well as some governments have overlooked these regulations by providing cheap food regardless to negative consequences it has over the nation. The author of the trailer goes further on analyzing side effects of science and technology on the facet of global food supply affected by lack of biodiversity, which in turns the author believes that can be changed by providing demand side of a specific equation. However, it is known that 70% of processed food has been genetically

Government and Media in Cuba Essay Example for Free

Government and Media in Cuba Essay In between the Caribbean Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean lies the island of Cuba. It is a small island with a total land area of 110,860 square km, yet it is so powerful enough to catch the attention of United States and to strengthen its security measures. The country was first ruled by the Spanish government and its history was marked by revolutions and uprising. Finally, in 1902, through the intervention of the US government, Cuba achieved its independence from the Spanish rule. However, the proclamation of independence did not end the uprising and rebellious activities because the country was not freed from leadership of corruption and military-rule. The real independence, as recognized and celebrated by Cubans, was achieved when Fidel Castro took office. Fidel Castro was the leader of rebel army that has been fighting the corrupt government and established a communist form of government. At present, Cuba is under the rule of Castro and the state remains to be a communist government having three branches namely; the chief of state, legislative and judiciary. General Raul Castro currently holds the chief of state which is comprised of Council of State and Council of Ministers (â€Å"The World Factbook†). On the economic aspect, the embargo that has been imposed upon the country has not yet been lifted. Currently, Venezuela is the main partner of the country and the main source of its petroleum needs. The living standard also remained low as a result of the embargo and discontinuance of foreign aids from several countries (â€Å"The World Factbook†). However, it has agricultural, trading, industrial and manufacturing enterprises where it sources out its economic and financial needs. As of July of the present year, the country is occupied by an estimate of 11,451,652 people having different racial descent including Africans, Spanish, Westerns and Asians (â€Å"The World Factbook†). Despite changes that have been introduced in the country, there are still issues that have been bothering the nation and even its citizens. Through its communist form of government, many activities were hardly exercised by the citizens because of government suppression. The most suppressed and monitored activity is the expression of ones thoughts and ideas. The right to express ones self is being curtailed by the government especially when it contains ideas that are against the government. The role of media is to protect the government as it is founded only to voice out words that the government desires to hear. In contrary to the role played by media in many countries, the Cuban media does not serve as the voice and protector of the people from the government but as an ally of the state. The treatment of the media people is also despicable in the eyes of the international community and of the journalists themselves. Hence, this paper will present the relationship of the media and government as well as the role it plays in the country. Concomitant to that is the life of journalists under the communist government of Cuba. Role of Media Media has been recognized as indispensable tool in communication. Mass media, as defined, is â€Å"the technological means of sending information, ideas, opinion, etc. through the mass communication device to a diverse audience† (â€Å"Impact of Media on Culture†). Various means used by mass media in transmitting information effectively and swiftly includes television, radio, newspapers, magazines, and internet. Notably, internet has been the most preferred and ideal means of mass media because of its ability of reaching a wider audience and is laxly monitored. In addition, internet is most preferred because it does not require profession to enable any individual to express his or her ideas. Among other nations, mass media is recognized as the fourth department of the government because of the role it plays in the political and social aspect. The mass media usually fills in the gap between the government and the people. It voices out the sentiments or thoughts of the people to the government while it also brings to the people the sentiments and plans of the government for the country. In some instances, mass media becomes a watchdog against government abuses and activities that are definitely out of reason. Furthermore, mass media has continually become the source of information about things, persons, places, and events, among others. Due to the indispensable role of mass media in the society, it need to be free and not controlled by any person or agency nor can be regulated by the government. Instead, it should be free in order to properly carry out its objective. Apart from that, it should not be controlled to ensure its impartiality and neutral role. Historical Background of Media in Cuba The epoch of mass media in Cuba can be traced back during the Spanish regime. The history also of the country’s press has undergone five periods (Browning). The Colonial period which stated from 1723 to 1868 is recognized as the first period. During that period, the first newspaper entitled Gazeta de la Habana was released in 1782 and become the nation’s publication (Browning). In 1790, the newspaper was followed by the very first magazine entitled Papel Periodico de la Habana (Browning). Both were regulated by the Spanish government but enjoyed less restriction because of the French Revolution affecting the government power of Spain over Cuba. The second period began in 1869 when Independence was first craved for and ended in 1902. The period is also called the Independence Revolution (Browning). During that period, press was given full freedom purposely to win the support of the reformists. Eventually periodicals containing ideas about reform began to evolve which includes El Cubano Libre, Estrella Solitaria, El Mambi, and El Boletin de la Guerra (Browning). Notably, during the second period, more revolutionaries were inspired to fight for their independence through the influence of Jose Marti who writes in several newspapers such as Patria, La Nacion, and New York Sun (Browning). The second period was marked by independent exercise of expression through publications that is direct, immediate and constant (Browning). The third period started when called the Republican period which started from 1902 and ended in 1930. The third period was ruled under the dictatorship of Gerardo Machado (Browning). During his era, freedom of expression was enjoyed by journalists. Newspapers, publications and other dailies thrived in the city of Cuba, Havana. This period was also marked by prosperity because political parties sponsored lots of publications and added to the benefit of the country’s economy. However, the exercise of the freedom was shaken by the plan of Machado to assimilate and provide government subsidies in exchange for support in 1928 (Browning). The following years was marked by economic downturn and political unrest that further led to the end of freedom enjoyed by the Cuban journalists. The fourth period started after Machado was overthrown in 1930 until 1959 (Browning). For 29 years, Batista ruled the nation. During the reign of Batista, the freedom of expression was experiencing threat of extinction. Though, technological innovations in journalism were introduced in the country. Among these includes increased commercial sophistication and steam-powered printing presses (Browning). However, at the latter part of Batista’s reign, the freedom of expression has finally faded because the government took control of the press. The fifth period started when Batista was overthrown by the communist group led by Castro in 1959 and continues at the present era (Browning). Since the beginning of Castro era, the freedom of expression was already curtailed. Eventually, the press and media were finally controlled by the government and journalists were not given freedom to voice out their thoughts against the government. The government’s strict control over media started in 1930. No independent journalists were freed to release publications which have the effect of criticizing the government. During that period, journalists tried to oppose the move of the government but to no avail. Finally, in 1990’s through the introduction of Internet, independent journalists have found new medium to castigate the government’s control of information (Browning). However, the media, private and public, are still under the control of the government. Information dissemination is still suffering strict regulation. Independent journalists also continue to struggle and risk their lives for an independent journalism. It can be observed that since the evolution of media, the government already held control of it. The changes in phases under several governments have made media limited and restricted. Some of the actions that the government had done in curtailing free press and flow of information were censorship and closure of newspapers (Browning). Until now, the freedom of information remains evasive and independence of journalists is still obscure to be enjoyed. Current Status of Media in Cuba In Art. 53 of the 1976 Cuban constitution, freedom of press and expression have been explicitly stated. However, such freedom is subjected to limitations as contained in Art. 62 Art. 5, further, contains that all communication should be controlled by the Communist Party for the benefit of the country (Browning). As an effect, information was regulated and controlled by the government. Journalists were also restrained from publicizing without the knowledge of the state. Apart from that, journalists were arbitrarily imprisoned for exercising their freedom of expression. Mass media in Cuba is definitely not free. In the field of print media, the nation maintains three newspapers which are fully regulated by the government. These nation’s newspapers are Granma, Juventud Rebelde and Trabajadores (Browning). Granma is the official publication of the Communist Party which was founded in 1965 (Browning). Juventud Rebelde usually contains the same youth-oriented stories covered in Granma but in simplified and summarized manner. The Trabajadores, on the other hand, is more politically inclined publication as it contains Marxist principles (Browning). Notably, Granma’s circulation has widened in some other parts of the world through the power of internet. The website is called Digital Granma Internacional (Browning). It is also noteworthy that during the recognition of the press, the Union de Periodistas de Cuba (Union of Cuban Journalists) was founded in July 15, 1963 (Browning). It is a nongovernment organization which engages the membership of professional journalists in order to work in distinguished media in the country. However, such organization has already been controlled by the government and its constitution also dictates that editorial line of journalists must follow that of government. On this era of technological innovations, independent journalists found internet as a means of voicing out their cries and redress against the Cuban government. However, the control of the government in curtailing unwanted information has also reached the World Wide Web and several independent journalists have been imprisoned for such exercise of expression. It is noteworthy that 21 journalists have been recorded to have been imprisoned after a closed-door trial (â€Å"Attacks on the Press in 2008†). Among the journalists that suffered the harshness of the state is Yoani Sanchez, 33-year old blogger (â€Å"Attacks on the Press in 2008†). Sanchez, at first, found freedom through her blog called Generation Y which contained observations about hurricane devastation, politically motivated arrest, and food shortages (â€Å"Attacks on the Press in 2008†). Her blog has been read abroad but has also been made known by the government. Thereafter, her passport was confiscated and was not allowed to leave the country. Today, state authorities has started to regulate internet cafes to track down individuals with the purpose of publishing dissent against the government through internet. Another independent journalist that has experienced the government’s cruelty is Victor Rolando Arroyo (â€Å"Cuban Journalist in Second Week of Hunger Strike†). Arroyo, who writes in Union de Periodistas y Escritores de Cuba, was arrested during the fight for independence press in March 2003 (â€Å"Cuban Journalist in Second Week of Hunger Strike†). He caught the world’s attention when he took hunger strike for almost two weeks because of the maltreatment and indecent treatment of prisoners like him.

Essay --

James Eagan Holmes didn’t let six-year-old Veronica Moser-Sullivan out of that movie theatre that fateful night. Daniel Parmentors mom didn’t get a chance to say goodbye to him because of T.J. Lane. Mary Sherlack’s husband will not set the table for her after Adam Lanza entered her school. The actions of those three shooters were not to cause such small but widespread repercussions for so many other mourning people. They all suffered from various mental illnesses. 79% of recent shootings are attributable to mental illnesses. The U.S. should re-evaluate gun screenings to decrease the odds of another mass shooting by not allowing anyone with any mental or psychological problem to own or possess a firearm. While the Constitution states that everyone has the right to bear arms, the present situation is different from that past, when relations with Great Britain were shaky. Secondly, gun violence is on the rise, with 46 school shootings since 2010, compared with only 40 from 2000 to 2010. Finally, if gun screenings are modified, there will be many jobs available, while contributing to national security at the same time. Many gun owner argue that since the Constitution gives everyone the right to bear arms, that we should obey the law and allow everyone to own guns. While this is true, it does not mention that it was over a different time period that the law was passed. During that time period, relations with Great Britain were shaky, and the U.S. government wanted to ensure that each citizen would be able to defend themselves. It was essential that the country to be armed so that a part of it could not be taken over by another country that would have been greedy for power. Guns also made people feel safer, and therefore loyal to the... ...A lot of money? Yes it is. But that does not have tobe that only big change made by the government. If a fee of 50$ to own a single gun for a year was introduced, then the U.S. could make the U.S lots of money to pay for the program, and they would turn a profit at the same time.â€Å"There’s no perfect estimate of firearms in the U.S. because creating a national registry of firearms is prohibited by federal law,† noted Alex Katz, a spokesman for Mayors Against Illegal Guns. â€Å"But academics and interest groups across the political spectrum broadly agree on the 300 million figure.† And if the estimates that Katz gave are accurate, then the U.S. could have 15 billion dollars rolling in at the same time, and after staff expenses are paid, they can make nearly 2.5 billion dollars per year. This price tag that comes with the guns could even discourage some potential gunbuyers.

How Do Movies Or Television Influence People’s Behavior Essay

Great changes have taken place in human society along development of technology, and movies or television are a big part of this. Such entertaining methods affect on people’s behavior in many ways. I believe that television and especially movies are one of the major and outstanding achievements of humankind. Every movie makes an impression on people. How big this impression is depends on a person, his characteristic features, his weak or strong sides. Movies and television also can make people more violent. The more we see violent acts on television, the less sensitive we become to them.Eventually violence doesn’t seem wrong. We may even commit violent acts ourselves. This is especially true because we don’t always realize that violence has consequences. Actors can be killed and come back for another movie. Sometimes we confuse that with reality. We forget that killing someone is permanent. Of course, watching movies and television can also be good for us. It can give us a broader window on the world. For example, seeing movies can expose us to people of different races and cultures. We can then overcome some prejudices more easily. Recently there have been more handicapped people in films, and this also helps reduce prejudice. The best influence on our behavior is that movies and television reduce stress. Watching films, we can escape our own problems for a little while. Also, sometime movies show positive ways to resolve problems we all face. While TV and movies shouldn’t be a way to hide from life, sometimes they can help us cope. First of all, movies and television influence people’s thinking and action, especially the youth who are vulnerable. For instance, violence and sexual scenes result in young people cruel behavior. According to media, there have been serial murders which committed in school in China, and some scientists believed that the serious actions may involve in so many violence scenes in the media. Secondly, people who spend too much time to watch movies or television  can get addicted and tend to have sedentary lifestyle. They seldom do exercise and get fatter. Obviously, this is not good for their health and relationship between family members. Some housewives, for example, spend so much time watching tv that some of them forget to prepare meals for their family or neglect their children. This behavior may affect negatively on the family relationship. In contrast, movies and television play significant role in entertaining people. Therefore, people’s behavior can change positively after they feel relax. In addition, some kinds of movies or TV programs contain moral value which help people distinguish between wrong and right. Furthermore some TV channels such as Discovery and Animal Planet can raise people’s awareness of environmental protection. Movies can lead us to high aims. They can have stories of people who made great sacrifices for their noble ideas. Thus movies teach us how important struggle is for success.In this connection movies on great people like Abrahan Lincoln, Winston Churchill, Kamal Ataturk and the Quaid-e-Azam deserve special praise. Informative or educative movies are generally scientific,historical,political and cultural . Scientific films brings home to us new inventions and discoveries. They inform us about new adventures of man.These can be in our own language or in foreign languages. Historical and political movies inform us about the great empires like the Chinese and roman. Cultural movies let us know about religions, arts, literatures and traditions of different societies. Movies can have a negative influence in a number of ways. There are movies about criminals. They present their crimes in attractive ways. Movies with accidents and stories having negative effect upon character should be avoided. The invention for television and movies influenced people’s behavior so much, wether that behavior is good or bad, they make them have new habits, new clothes and new information. For example when the young people watch movies like Super Man and Spider Man they try to do what they have seen in the movie, they will jump from high places which might harm them, ,or the people who watch the famous stars in the tv like Tom Cruez, or Madonna, trying to imitate their hairstyle and wear same clothes like them, those have absulotely obvious impact.  In brief, movies and television obviously affect on people’s behavior. However if people can limit amount of time they spend to watch and choose proper films and channels, people will have benefits and can prevent the disadvantages.

Adam Revo Relaunch Essay

First of all we would like to Thank ALMIGHTY, Who is the source of all our knowledge and wisdom. Then we would particularly like to thank our respected instructor Mr. Yasir Ali Somro for providing us the opportunity to look into various aspects of Marketing. His teaching is very informative and beneficial for us in future. He has been very helpful to us in making the project and in gaining further knowledge. Then thanks to our Parents, Friends and Colleagues in making of this project. Moreover we are thankful to all our group members who have coordinated and cooperated in the making of this report. 1. Company Description The group was initiated by Sir Adamjee Haji Dawood (1880-1948) who also played a vibrant role in the birth of the state of Pakistan by acting as a financial advisor and supporter to Quaid-e-Azam Mohomed Ali Jinnah-the founding father of Pakistan. Sir Adamjee’s role as advisor gave birth to various economic institutions; the Muslim Commercial Bank (MCB), Orient Airways, and the Morning Star newspaper. These were primarily established at the behest of Quaid-e-Azam Mohomed Ali Jinnah to win support of Muslims of Pakistan and facilitate them in migration to Pakistan during the partition of India in August 1947. Adam Motor Co., an assembler of Chinese SUVs and pickup trucks in Pakistan introduced an indigenous automobile Called the Revo. It is a 3576 mm long hatchback, powered by either a 800 cc or a 1051 cc petrol engine, sourced from Wuling in China. Otherwise the car is built from local parts. Adam Revo was a city car made by the now defunct Adam Motor Company of Pakistan. It was the first car to be designed & assembled in Pakistan. The Revo is being assembled at a plant in Karachi owned by Adam Motors. And the engine and transmission systems have come from China. The company plans to make 5,000units a year 2. Reasons of failure There are some main causes of failure of this project: Political As world is a global village now so foreign brands are easily available in the market. People tend to prefer foreign companies over local companies. If you want to grow your local automotive industry then one must first give tax leverage to this industry to protect their companies or else foreign companies would run the domestic country down to nothing. Lack of Government support Former Prime Minister Shaukat Aziz inaugurated Revo’s plant in 2003, Aziz promised Feroz Khan, the maker of Revo, to buy his car for the government as it was the cheapest in the country. Feroz Khan did produce suffice to cater the needs of Government who decided to buy Adam Revo instead of Mehran. The government could have easily bought 5,000-10,000 cars a year but it never fulfilled its promise and that was one of the major reasons why the project collapsed. Lack of funds Due to interest of Prime Minister, Feroz Khan produces enough to carter the Government. When Government never fulfilled its promise, debt pilled up then company had to go bankrupt. There weren’t enough funds left to rejuvenate this company and to pay off its debt. Road grip of tires Tires used were of cheap quality, bumps and surface imperfections in the road results in inevitably reduced grip on the road which leads to a harsh ride. Speed-o-Meter People didn’t like cheap Speed-o-Meter of Adam Revo, which reminds drivers of 19s car. Now days where stylish cars are easily available, people didn’t like buying car which gives them the feel of driving any vintage car so they pay extra just to have car with a bit of pizzas by paying 45-75000 extra. Lower Quality of interior plastic The car wasn’t good enough. The cheap plastic interior and hideous looks were not up to the expectations of the potential buyers of car, who rather preferred a used car than an Adam Revo. No Promotions/Advertising/Marketing plan Effective way of selling your product is to advertise it through Ads, Campaign and promotions. Adam Revo didn’t do its advertising its product; therefore only small part of the total population was aware of Adam Revo, rest still get baffled when asked about Pakistan’s first car Revo. People weren’t aware of Adam Revo how could it have earned profit. 3. Strategic Focus and plan Mission/Vision Adam Motor Company’s mission is to introduce vehicles with maximum indigenization, to price our vehicles most competitively with reliable quality, to realize highest customer satisfaction through 3S facilities, to export and to be a responsible corporate citizen. Goals Pakistani car industry to reach greater heights and eventually compete with larger car companies, within Pakistan and internationally. Core Competency and Sustainable Competitive Advantage Adam Motors believe that given the right environment and training, their people can be the best in the world. They believe that all their products must contain high indigenization, reliable quality and excellent after sale service Ansoff Matrix Market Penetration: Adam Motors will first try to capture market share by penetrating into market using Market-Penetration Strategy and to compete from well settled companies  like SUZUKI, HONDA, TOYOTA, and CHEVERLOTE excreta. These companies are already offering good cars and have established there names in Automobile industry. To penetrate into market Adam has its advantage of low price. Its biggest competitor is Mehran (cash cow for SUZUKI) in 800cc. Adam still has 70 to 80000 price difference from it. This strategy is appropriate for Adam Motors as there is a demand and the customers are looking for bargains. Adam Revo has an affordable price which can penetrate deep into the market for middle class people. After company increase its market share company can go for Product development strategy while developing new product for potential interest to its current markets. Once company establishes its reputation it can offer a new product in a new market by using diversification strategy. Porter Generic Strategies Cost Leadership When it comes to market Revo, Overall cost leadership Strategy is appropriate for Adam Motors to gain market. Adam Motors is considered to be lowest cost producer within industry. And there advantage over Mehran makes is highly affordable for the middle class people and giving company a competitive advantage over other automobile companies. 4. Situation Analysis SWOT Analysis Strength: The only Pakistani manufacturer: The plant can produce up to 7000-10000 cars per year. Adam Revo, Pakistan’s first automobile manufacturing industry having largest manufacturing facilities with an annual production capacity of 70,000 – 10,000 vehicles. The vehicles produced include cars, small vans, Pickups and Cargo vans. With proper management and effective marketing Adam Motor’s Revo can manufacture suffice to carter the demand and can hold more than 50% of Market Share. Low – priced car. Adam Motor’s Revo biggest strength is its low price 70,000 to 85,000 cheaper  than Suzuki’s Mehran which makes this car highly affordable. With Government intervention this company can cater enough of the population. Excellence in installation of CNG kits Adam Motors have an enormous experience in the field of CNG/LPG. CNG kits installed in Adam Motors cars make it fuel efficient car with globally acclaimed CNG components installed. Impeccable increase in petrol prices is making implausible for middle class people to afford the overhauling cost of the car. Providing CNG kits will raise the bar for the industry to new greater heights. Weakness: Poor after sale service. After sales services is considered to be and integral part of customer services and a key determinant of customer satisfaction; while this may seem obvious but it’s not often done. Unfortunately, lack of emphasis on after sales services was observed, due to lack of resources and improper after sales services planning. Low Resale Value Revo was the Pakistan’s first car to make out to roads and had to face criticism. As a first company the quality of car and its parts used were not as good as it should have been which cause its unpopularity and its image had to taste dust therefore, when it comes to resale value the owner easily can lose 70,000 or more on selling. Pakistani buyers are cautious buyers who give the vehicle’s resale more importance. Competing in Pakistan only Growing up among some of the world’s biggest company like Honda, Suzuki, and Toyota is really hard job to do. With competitor having better resources, better research facilities and established brand name, it gets hard to compete. Low consumer awareness Since advertising and promotion directly relates to consumer awareness. One of the main reasons Revo didn’t survived was people weren’t aware of the  Revo. Advertising and promotion are useful factors in creating awareness among the consumer. Unfortunately Adam Motors didn’t indulge themselves in of the marketing. Lack of advanced technology. Advanced technology is competitive advantage. Unfortunately Adam Motors don’t posses modern technology which surely is Adam Motors biggest weakness. Adam Motors is competing with companies who posses advanced technology and have moved from traditional fuel cars to hybrid and electric cars. Unattractive structure. Revo looks was a major issue for buyer. It’s resembles to the three-wheeler china van. The shape of the car made it look quite ridiculous and unattractive. Poor material was been used in exterior and interior of the car. Adam Motor’s should have put more thought into the design and quality of the car. Opportunity: Capturing the market of low income people. Pakistan’s major part of population falls under category of middle class, lower middle class and lower class. To capture the people who have low purchasing power company must focus on the affordability of the product. Revo is cheap car even cheaper then Mehran. People with low income can easily afford this car and it’s overhauling expenses. People who have bikes and want a cheap spacious car to enjoy ride with their families can easily afford this fuel-efficient and cheap car. Enter in the market of 1300 cc cars. After getting its market share and reputation, Adam Revo can go for opportunity to capture market with 1300cc car and other models. As the only competitor in producing cheap 1300cc car is Suzuki who have been failed trying different variation in their 1300cc model cars. Large market size to operate. Demand of cheap cars in Pakistan is very high. There’s no second thought to it. Majority of Pakistan’s population belong to classes who can not afford luxurious cars and are interested in cheap, fuel- efficient cars. There is  big market for there car if they plan well and market there product efficiently they can target large market size. Economy of Pakistan. Growing local industry can ultimately benefit economy of Pakistan. Developing good reputation will induce other companies to make investment in Pakistan my doing joint venture production. Export Revo can also give benefit to Pakistan’s economy. Threats: Competitors (Pak Suzuki) Currently Pak Suzuki is largest car assembler and market leader in Pakistan automobile market. Pak Suzuki has more than 60% of the market share. Having effective after sales service and wide spread network of show rooms and EFI technology surely is Adam biggest competitor. Market perception. The perception of consumer of Adam’s Motors is that they provide cheap car with low quality. As long as Revo don’t take steps to induce people that there product are best use of their money, whatever car they come up with will not going to be accepted by the consumer. Load shedding of CNG in Pakistan. Load shedding of CNG is one of the big problems in Pakistan and company like Adam Motor who are totally dependent upon CNG as this is one of the main reason which makes this car overhauling expenses affordable. Sharp Increase in price of Raw Material. Increase in price of everything due to inflation is also a threat e. The cost raw material and labor have also increased which will result in expensive product making it unaffordable for consumer of low income. Ambiguity in political issue. In Pakistan the ambiguity in political issue is very high. Every now and then we get strangled by the strike conducted by different political parties making it very difficult for industry to match the quota. Sometimes even worker don’t come to work which increases the cost of production and delay in delivery. Internal Strengths and Weaknesses Offerings It offers Fuel-efficient highly affordable Chinese made engines car which are 10% to 15% cheaper than other local competitors. As demand of cheap cars is so high in Pakistan, providing cheap cars to consumer so could get their needs satisfied. Marketing: The key marketing objective of the company is to become the segment leader in 800 cc market It is the main concern to market the Adam’s Dreamer at an economical price, which would give a competitive edge. To duly anticipate in maintaining quality benchmark by maintaining the efficiency of automobile production unit by continuous research and development program, keeping in view the customer’s needs and a sound distribution system to attain the max of customer satisfaction. Adam Motor intention is to attain an increase in share of the urban population consisting of Karachi, Lahore, and Islamabad as well as in rural areas of Pakistan in automobile industry. The duly purpose to attain this target by direct frontal assault on the market and to re-launch the brand on a higher scale to eliminate the resistance from small competitors and taking on competition directly. Personnel/Management Company strives for skilled entities who value time and quality as crucial assets. Finance Manufacturing Research and Development (R & D) External Opportunities and Threats Consumer/Social: Today, companies recognize that they cannot appeal to each and every buyer in the market place†¦ The reason of this problem is that buyers are too numerous, too widely scattered and too much wearied in their needs and buying practices; therefore, to reach the right person who is definitely a potential customer of your product is very difficult. Competitive: For the newly launched automobile company it is very challenging to get even very small shares of the automobile market when the giants like TOYOTA, SUZUKI etc. are already capturing the major market. Paksitan’s first car Technological Competing with other Economic Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif, Known for his decisions which helps economy of the country to grow. Providing subsidy to industrial sector will definitely help industry like ADAM COMPANY to grow. This is an opportunity was the company to go for this opportunity. Legal/Regulatory Industry Analysis Competitor Analysis (Porter 5 Forces Model, Defense Strategy, Attack Strategy) Company Analysis Customer Analysis (Segmentation/Targeting) 5. Market-Product Focus Marketing and Product Objectives Target Markets The car’s target audience was envisaged to be Pakistan’s middle class car buyer. The company had planned to export the car in the future to other countries as well. Points of Parity (POP), Points of Difference (POD) Positioning 6. Marketing Program Product Strategy/ Branding Strategy, BCG Matrix Price Strategy: The price of Adams Revo was low as compared with the competitors but the features of the car were not up to the standard of the competitors therefore to compete with the competitors it is essential for the company to change the price in order to change its design to get profits. The increase in price should be less than the competitors price in order to maintain the market reputation of having a low priced car. People were seen to be satisfied with the price of the car, however, the major reasons which caused the car to flop were the low quality, performance style as well as the lack of promotion, therefore it is required by the company to reposition its product and promote it. The repositioning of the product and the promotional advertisement will increase the cost of the car which may result in the increase of prices. The price offer by the company is almost 20% less than its major competitor Suzuki Mehran. The company can afford an increase in price to a level which is less than Mehran in order to reposition its product Promotion Strategy: For repositioning first we will redesign the promotion mix to inform customers about the attributes, features of the Adam’s Dreamer along with its emphasis on life style and technical expertise. Pull strategy will be used for the promotion to build up consumer demand. If the strategy is successful, customers will ask dealers for Dreamer and dealers will ask Adam’s Motors to produce more. Sales promotion is one of the ways to encourage sales of our new Adam’s Dreamer. The company can give discounts on conducting different car fairs or in the exhibitions. They can offer discounts sales to different car rental organizations or the transport departments of different companies, by doing this Dreamer can achieve road presence which can broaden the future sales of Adam’s Dreamer Place (Distribution Strategy): Our market segmentation reveals that The Company’s product Adam’s DREAMER is not for the superior class, that is, upper-upper but also not for the upper-lower class of the country. The Adams Dreamer is basically for the, upper-middle class, Middle class and lower-middle class of the country The smaller areas of the country are the major place for the middle class of society. In order to reach the every middle class consumer of the country the Adam’s DREAMER must be available in all the seller cities of each province. Therefore Adams Dreamer dealership must be in Hyderabad,Sukkar (SINDH) Sialkot, Multan (PUNJAB) Chaman (BALOCHISTAN) Gigot (KHYBER PAKHTUNKHUA) The semi-urban cities of the country are the major place for the lower-Middle  class of society. In order to reach the every lower class consumer of the country the Adam’s DREAMER must be available in all the small cities of each province. Therefore Adams Dreamer must be in Rohri SINDH Okara, Sahiwal, MianwaliPUNJAB Pasheen BALOCHISTAN Abottabad KHYBER PAKHTUNKHUA 7. Implementation Company has a nonexistent demand and Latent demand. As marketing and promotion of Adam Revo was never have attempted. They share a strong need for the product which is cheap and can satisfy there needs but due non marketing strategy people were unaware of the product which causes non existent demand. 8. Evaluation and Control As per the survey done by the general public, the evaluation result was in favor of re-launching the car but there were few amendment needed to be made, for example the interior part and as well as engine including the suspension of the car.

Difference Between Samstag, Sonnabend, and Sonntag

Difference Between Samstag, Sonnabend, and Sonntag Samstag and Sonnabend  both mean Saturday and can be used interchangeably. So why does Saturday get two names in German? First of all, which version to use depends on where you live in the German-speaking world. Western and southern Germany, Austria and Switzerland use the older term â€Å"Samstag†, whereas eastern and northern Germany tend to use Sonnabend. The former GDR (in German: DDR) recognized Sonnabend as the official version. Historically the term Sonnabend, which means The evening before Sunday, can be traced back surprisingly to an English missionary! It was none other than St. Bonifatius, who was determined during the 700’s to convert the Germanic tribes in the Frankish empire. One of his items on his to-do list was to replace the word Samstag or Sambaztac as it was known then, which was of Hebraic origin (Shabbat), to the Old English term â€Å"Sunnanaefen.† This term made sense since it signified the evening and later on the day before Sunday and thus was easily integrated into old high German. The term â€Å"Sunnanaefen† evolved into the middle high German â€Å"Sun[nen]abent† and then finally into the version we speak today.As for St. Bonifatius, despite his successful mission among the Germanic people, was killed by a group of inhabitants in Frisia (Friesland), which is known nowadays as the Netherlands (Niederlande) and northwestern Germany today. It is interesting to note that the Dutch kept the original version for Saturday only (zaterdag). The Cultural Meaning of Samstag The Saturday  evening was always the day where they would show the main blockbusters on TV. We remember studying the TV magazine - we admit, we are a bit older- and really feeling the Vorfreude (joy of anticipation) when we saw a Hollywood movie being shown on Saturday. On Saturdays, they would also show the big entertainment shows like Wetten Dass...? which you might have heard of. Its host Thomas Gottschalk (his name literally means: Gods Joker) most likely still lives in the US nowadays. We loved that show when we were younger and less thinking about what was going on there. Later we realized that it was actually pretty horrible. It entertained millions of people and so far everyone following into Gottschalks footsteps has failed to continue his success. It was big news when they finally put that dinosaur to sleep.   Sonnabend versus Sonntag Now that you know that Sonnabend is actually the evening before Sonntag (Sunday) you might be able to easily distinguish these two German weekdays. The Sunday though is a very special day in Germany. In our youth, it was the day that the family would spend together and in case you were religious youd go to church in the morning to start off the day. It was also the day all the stores in the countryside are closed. Which lead to a little culture shock when we came to Poland in 1999 and saw many stores open on Sunday. We had always thought that the Sunday was some kind of Christian holiday but as the Poles were even stricter Christians than the Germans, we couldnt quite grasp this. So dont be surprised when you come to Germany. Even in the bigger cities, the main stores are closed. The only way to get what you urgently desire is to go to a Tankstelle (gas station) or a Spti (late shop). Expect the prices to be up to 100% higher than usual.

70+ Academic Honors Examples for Your College Application

70+ Academic Honors Examples for Your College Application SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips College applications are all about showing off to the admissions committee, and what better way to do so than to lead with your most impressive academic awards.What are the best academic honors and awards to put on a college application? In this guide, we give you 70+ academic honors examples to give you an idea of what types of achievements colleges like to see most on applications.In addition, we explain what counts as an academic honor or award, go over different impressive academic honors and awards examples you can get, and give you useful tips for effectively talking about awards on your application. What Is an Academic Honor or Award? First things first, what counts as an academic honor or award? Generally speaking, an academic honor or award is any major achievement you’ve made and been recognized for in some way.The form of recognition can range from an actual object, such as a trophy or plaque, to prize money, a title, or verbal recognition. Typically, an academic honor will fall into one of the following categories: Distinction, honor, or honorable mentionfor which you won’t usually receive a physical object or award- just the title A diploma or certificate indicating the completion of a program or recognizing an accomplishment in a program or other activity Prize or award won from a contest, competition, or tournament Scholarship given in recognition of an outstanding (academic) accomplishment Membership in a highly selective and competitive group or society If you’ve won any awards for specific activities such as a sport you play or a club you’re part of, it’s better to list these in the extracurricular activities section of your application instead of in a separate awards section. So what are some honors and awards to put on a college application? Up next, we'll take a look at more than 70 academic honors examples. Academic Honors and Awards Examples Here, we give you a list of 70+ academic honors and awards examples you could include on your own college application, from prizes won in national and international contests to school-based distinctions and awards. All the academic honors examples below are grouped by category and listed alphabetically. Note that this is not an exhaustive list of all academic honors and awards you could possibly have, so if you have an achievement that doesn’t exactly match one of the examples below, don’t worry- you can still put it on your college application! Advanced Placement (AP) Awards AP International Diploma (APID) AP Scholar AP Scholar with Distinction AP Scholar with Honor DoDEA AP Scholar International AP Scholar National AP Scholar State AP Scholar IB Awards IB Diploma IB Middle Years Programme (MYP) Certificate National Awards Governor’s Volunteer Award National Student Volunteer Award President’s Award for Educational Achievement President’s Award for Educational Excellence President’s National Service Award PSAT Awards National Hispanic Scholar National Merit Commended Student National Merit Finalist National Merit Scholar National Merit Semifinalist School-based National Merit Scholarship winner School-Based Awards Foreign language award High class rank (e.g., top 10%) Honor roll/GPA award National Honor Society membership Perfect Attendance Award School-specific award School subject-specific award Student of the Month/Term/Year Subject-specific Honor Society membership (e.g., Science Honor Society) Competitions and Contests Award for high placement (1st, 2nd, 3rd, or 4th) or participation in any major (academic) contest, such as the following: AAN Neuroscience Research Prize Academic Decathlon Academic Triathlon American Regions Mathematics League (ARML) B.E.S.T. Robotics Design contest Conrad Spirit of Innovation Challenge Davidson Fellows Scholarship Doodle 4 Google Google Science Fair Intel International Science and Engineering Fair (ISEF) International BioGENEius Challenge International Chemistry Olympiad International Mathematical Olympiad International Photography Awards (IPA) Kids Philosophy Slam LifeSmarts Microsoft Imagine Cup MIT INSPIRE MIT THINK Scholars Program Model UN National Academic League National Academic Quiz Tournament National Economics Challenge by CEE National Geographic Bee National Geographic Student Photo Contest National High School Mock Trial Championship National Science Bowl National Science Olympiad PhysicsBowl Quiz Bowl Regeneron Science Talent Search (STS) Regional/National Junior Science and Humanities Symposium Scholastic Art Writing Awards Toshiba/NSTA ExploraVision Awards University Interscholastic League (UIL) Miscellaneous Awards Boy Scouts/Eagle Scouts awards Employee of the Month Girl Scouts awards Merit scholarships for college Musical performance award National Novel Writing Month (NaNoWriMo) winner National Poetry Writing Month (NaPoWriMo) winner Publications (such as short stories, art pieces, essays, etc.) Volunteer award Work award or promotion The Best Honors and Awards to Put on a College Application Of the dozens of academic honors examples above, which ones will look the most impressive on a college application?Here, we explain the top four qualities a truly impressive academic honor will have. Note that an honor doesn’t need to have allthese qualities, though if it does, then it is definitely an excellent one to put on your application! #1: It’s Highly Selective One quality you want to highlight on your application is the selectivity of the award or honor you’ve won.In other words, the academic award will be one that a lot of students try to win, making it difficult to achieve. For example, because national and international contests and competitions draw so many student competitors, winning an award like these would certainly impress the admissions committee. The more selective an academic honor or award is, the more impressive it’ll look on your college application. Academic Honors Examples of Highly Selective Awards National Merit Scholar Google Science Fair winner National Student Volunteer Award #2: It’s Unique Admissions committees see a lot of honor roll and National Society honors on college applications (not that these are bad- they’re just fairly common). So if you've won a particularly unique or rare award, definitely include it on your application, as this willhelp you stand out from the crowd. A unique award can be highly selective; it can also be one that is less well known or that highlights something creative, surprising, or impressive about you. For instance, maybe you won the Most Innovative Employee award at your part-time job after you pitched the idea to create and manage a social media page for the company. Academic Honors Examples of Unique Awards Specific school-based awards (e.g., Most Confident Speaker in Chinese Class) Local or community-based awards #3: It’s Relevant to Your Academic Interests and Strengths Another academic award or honor that'sgreat to include on your college application is one that’s relevant to your academic interests and strengths.These are typically subject- or field-specific awards, such as English or writing awards, math awards, etc. For example, if you’re planning to major in engineering, you'd want to detail any awards you might have won in science, math, or engineering contests. Relevant awards indicate to the admissions committee not only that you’re truly committed to the field you want to study, but also that you’re one of the most promising students in your field. Academic Honors Examples of Relevant Awards AP award Writing award or publication (if you’re an English or creative writing major, for example) STEM award (if you’re a STEM major) Model UN (if you’re a political science or IR major, for example) #4: It Highlights Your Leadership Potential An impressive academic honor or award will also emphasize your leadership potential.These are typicallyawards that involve group or collaborative work.So if you ever led others to success- as a captain or president, for instance- this kind of honor would look great to potential colleges. Just make sure that you explain on your application what kind of role you had and how your leadership specifically led your team to success. Academic Honors Examples of Leadership/Group Awards Volunteer awards Girl Scouts or Eagle Scouts awards How to Talk About Honors on Your College Application: 4 Tips Since you likely won’t have a lot of room to write about academic honors and awards on your application, it's important thatyou present your academic achievements in an effective, impressive way.Here are some tips on how to talk about the awards you've won. Tip 1: Open With Your Most Impressive Awards Admissions officers don’t usually spend a lot of time with each application they get, so you want to make sure that you’re catching their eyes right away by starting with your most impressive honors and awards.These will generally be awards that are highly competitive and required a lot of work and commitment on your end. Tip 2: Focus on Your Spike A "spike" is a particular academic passion you have.For example, if you’re a science buff who plans to major in chemistry, you'd want to emphasize your spike on your application by focusing primarily on your chemistry- and science-related activities and awards. Having a spike will ultimately help you stand out from other applicants.To learn more about how you can develop a spike, check out our guide on how to get into Harvard and the Ivy League. Spikes: good for hedgehogs and college applications. Tip 3: Describe Awards That Are Vague or Unclear Not all academic awards and honors are well known or obvious, especially if they’re unique to your school or area. Therefore, make sure that you’re using the space you have in the awards section of your application to describe any academic honors that the admissions committee is probably unfamiliar with. The last thing you want an award to do is confuse admissions officers, so be clear about what it is, how you won it, and what makes it impressive. Tip 4: Explain the Competitiveness of the Award For each academic award or honor you’ve won, you want to clarify its level of competitiveness by explaining the scope of the competition.For example, was the science tournament you won a national one? A local one? A school-based one? Note that if the award has the word "national" or "international" in it, you shouldn’t have to add much explanation to its description since it'll be obvious that the award is fairly selective. The overall point here is to show off! Recap: Honors and Awards to Put on a College Application As you can see, there's a huge variety in the types of academic honors and awards examples you can put on your college application. The 70+ academic honors examples listed above are just some of the possible honors you could include. In general, the best academic honors to include on your application will have some or all of the following qualities: They’re highly selective/competitive They’re unique They highlight your academic interests and strengths (your "spike," that is) They emphasize your leadership skills/potential You won’t have a ton of space on your application to explain the academic awards you’ve won, so it’s important to use the room you have wisely. To reiterate, here are our four best tips for how to talk about your academic awards and honors on your application: Open with your most impressive awards and honors Focus on your spike- i.e.,your biggest academic passion and commitment Describe any vague, unclear, or lesser-known awards/honors you've received Explain the competitiveness of the award Now get out there and win some awards! What’s Next? Lots of colleges use the Common App. If you're going to be using this platform to apply to college, make sure you know what to expect with the Common App honors section. Planning to take AP tests in the spring? If you're hoping to snag a distinguished AP award, read our guide to get tips on how you can do this. Honors can prove that you're a serious and ambitious college applicant.Check out our expert guide to learn what high school honors is and how you can achieve honors status at your own high school. Want to build the best possible college application? We can help. PrepScholar Admissions is the world's best admissions consulting service. We combine world-class admissions counselors with our data-driven, proprietary admissions strategies. We've overseen thousands of students get into their top choice schools, from state colleges to the Ivy League. We know what kinds of students colleges want to admit. We want to get you admitted to your dream schools. Learn more about PrepScholar Admissions to maximize your chance of getting in.

Discuss the strengths and weaknesses of the three views of reading Essay

Discuss the strengths and weaknesses of the three views of reading instruction - Essay Example Students first learn how to read letters and combination of letters before moving on to words and complete sentences. The theory, in other words, maintains that the optimal strategy for learning reading is to study the parts and then move onto the whole. Basically, the primary advantage of the subskills theory is that it facilitates the learning of reading process by taking young learning through it step by step. Its disadvantage, however, lies in the tremendous emphasize it places on learning linguistic rules, something which young learners find difficult. The interactive theory, based on the one explained above as well as one the top-down group of reading instructions theory, calls upon readers to decode texts by bringing their background knowledge and experiences into the text. Readers, in other words, are called upon to engage with that which they read and make sense of it through their own experiences. As such, its primary intent is the teaching of decoding, vocabulary and comprehension skills. At this point, it is quite possible to infer the primary strength of the defined reading instruction theory lies in its promotion of student comprehension through learner’s experiences, implying the enhancement of comprehension through the highlighting of a text’s practical relevance. Its weakness, however, may be that it calls upon, as yet, cognitively and emotionally immature learners to subjectively engage with a text. As regards the transactional theory, it is little more than an elaboration upon the interactive group of reading instruction theories. As per this approach, readers decode, use their own knowledge, experiences and emotions to understand a text. Its strength lies in that it embraces the strengths of both the subskills and the interactive theories, while its weakness are the same as those cited for both the latter and former. Each of the reading instruction theories outlined in the preceding have their